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1829. June
Article on Utilitarianism
N.B. The pages referred to are
the pages of the original.
42.
To a sense of connection
between new signs
and new things signified,
or utility of so., especially
ideas, none so
active as J.B. This no
secret to theories hence,
in their opposition to
him they are as industrious,
as in causing
base coin to be distrusted.
G.4.
43.
Virtue, vice, justice, injustice
intelligible only
when referred to one of
these three principles -
1. Greatest happiness
2. Asceticism
3. Ipsedixitism
Explanation of these 3-
principles already given.
Ipsedixitism pursued
by disciples of Pythagoras
H1.
44.
J.B. would now substitute
in his Introduction
the principle of ipsedixitism
for that of sympathy
and antipathy : it
may be said to have two
branches ; one applying
to civil, the other to penal
law : to the remuneratory
branch only does
it apply.
H.1.
45.
Virtue and vice: one conduces
to happiness, the other
to unhappiness :
adjunct to virtue, self
denial- i.e. sacrifice
of present good to supposed
future gd. Such sacrifice
scarcely ever made:
ex. pleasures of sense in
general
H2
46.
But if a man has his desires
so under control
that the sacrifice causes
no uneasiness, will you
say his virtue is on a lower
level in his mental
frame , because this is
no self denial?
H2.
47.
No room to speak of distinction
between effective
benevolence and self regarding
prudence. J.B's private
Deontology, what...
H4.
48.
In opposition to happiness
principle is justice - a subordinate
of ipse dixit principle.
Assumptions. 1.
that justice is the proper
standard: 2. that so
and so is one of it's dictates.
I.1.
49.
An exemplification of
rebellion against the sovereignty
of this principle
in Godwin's Political
Justice. A use, in showing
the relation of the import
which justice bears
to greatest happiness principle.
I.1.
50.
In employing word justice,
two assumptions:
1. that it is the general rule
of action, laid down by
competent authority.
2. that whatever is meant
by rectitude and propriety
this rule is a proper one:
take any maxim of justice,
and apply it so that justice
will be done. It will
be found that a dictate
of happiness principle is
the same thing as do. of
justice.
I.2.
51.
To have a clear idea of
it, justice must be divided
into civil & penal
I.2.
52.
All-important principle
in Civil Justice according
to J.B. is the non-disappointment
principle.
See Review of Humphreys.
I.2.
53.
In the penal branch, a
different aspect. Object, minimization
of wrongs.
Remedies classed- 4 heads
by.J.B.- preventive,suppressive,
satisfactive, &
punitive.
I.3.
54.
Greatest happiness of
greatest number. Error in
this appendage found out
some years ago : apparent
clearness and correctness,
really, the reverse.
K.1.
55.
Suppose 4001 equally happy,
give to 2001. the shares
of the remaining 2,000.
K.1.
56.
Instead of the happiness
taken from the 2,000,give
unhappiness as much
as they can receive. To
the aggregate of happiness
of the 4001 will the
result be not profit?
Loss,because receptacle
capable of receiving more
unhappiness than happiness.
K2.
57.
The 4001. being equal in
all respects, make the 2000
slaves divide them among
the 2001, will the happiness
of the whole be increased.
K.2.
58.
Were it so, see the practical
results.In England
make the Catholics slaves
and divide them among
the Protestants :in Ireland
divide the Protestants.
K.2.
59.
Chrestomathia in 1768.
Happiness taken as a
common trunk for all the
branches of art & science.
The trees of Bacon& D'Alembert
torn up by roots by J.B.
L1.
60.
Dumont. Kindness of
French press to J.B. Greater
honor conferred on him
in France than here.
L1.
61.
Portrait by Pickersgill -
Bust by David.
L2.
62.
The gratitude of his country
waits till the day
when his happiness
cannot be increased by it
L2.
63.
J.B. never punished or prosecuted.
L2.
64.
This being the only principle
conducive to
greatest happiness any
proposition
exhibiting any other
ultimate and is self-contradictory.
M1.
65.
If this principle be the
only guide to conduct
public & private, any
other must be improper.
M1.
66.
A principle not subordinate
to this may
be opposed to it in two
ways, diametrically
& collaterally. Qui
non sub me contra
me.
M.1.
67.
To ascetic principle
J.B.godfather in Introd.
M2.
68.
If a man does not
deny that the pursuit
of pleasure & avoidance
of pain is conduct not
worthy of reproach-
on him rests the onus
to show any occasion
on which such a line
of conduct is exposed
to reproach
M.2
69.
J.B. Hercules has overthrown
in Introd. Daemon
of asceticism or
Father of Lies.
M2.
70.
In the same work, also
overthrown is the indirectly
opposite- ipse
dixit principle - See
No XX. W.R.
M.3.
71.
Nonsense- the progenitor
of ipse dixit
principle.
M.3.
72.
Its characteristic properties-
mischievousness-
absurdity- inconsistency-
self-contradictoryness,
all in the
extreme.
M.3.
73.
Locke held up to view
in connection with injustice-
leaving out
power, reputation,
condition in life, exemption
from pain,
so many subject matters
of maleficence for individuals
& of inhibitn.
by Government.
N.1.
74.
Sad failure that at
founding human
happiness on justice.
Property the only object
of care to Government
Persons possessing it
alone entitled to representation.
West Indies
the meridian for
these principles of
this liberty-champion
N.1.
75.
Locke, to whom mankind
owe a debt, had not then
got beyond Aristocracy.
The subject-many
had not got within his
sphere of observation.
N.2.
76.
Indisputable evidence
of this - his Constitution
for one of the Cardinals.
N.2.
77.
Accordingly the best
of all Gods for Whig
idolatry in conjunction
with Catholic slavery
constitution of
1688.
N.2.
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