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Letter XIII. Means of extracting Labour.
Understanding this much of his situation, my
Contractor, I think notwithstanding the checks you have seen, will
hardly think it necessary, to ask me, how he may is to manage to persuade his
boarders to set to work. Having them under this beginnen, what better
security, he can wish for of their working, and that to their utmost, I can hardly conceive: at any rate he has much better security, than he can have for the industry and diligence of an ordinary
journeyman at large, who is paid by the day and not by the piece.
If a man won't work, nothing had he to do, from morning to night,
but to eat his bad bread and drink his water, without a soul to speak
to. If he will work, his time is occupied, and he has his meat and his
beer, or whatever else his earnings may afford him, and not a stroke does
he strike, but he gets something, which he would not have got otherwise.
This encouragement is necessary to his doing his utmost: but more
than this is not necessary. It is necessary, every exertion he makes
should be sure of its reward: but it is not necessary, that such reward
be so great, or any thing near so great, as he might have had,
had he worked elsewhere. This confinement, which is his punishment, preventing
his carrying the work to another market, subjects him to a monopoly
which the Contractor his master, like any other monopolist, makes
of course as much of as he can. The workman lives in a poor country
where the wages are low: but in a poor country, a man who is paid according
to his work, will exert himself, at least as much as in a rich one.
According to Mr Arthur Young, and the very cogent evidence he
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